The current phase of fighting in the Middle East began almost a year ago, with the October 7, 2023 attack by Hamas, and the subsequent pummelling of Gaza by Israel. But to many academics, foreign policy experts and international observers, what is taking place is also the latest episode in the decades-long conflict commonly referred to as the “Arab-Israeli conflict”.
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The experience of the past 11 months has led many experts on the region like myself to reassess that term. Is the “Arab-Israeli conflict” an accurate reflection, given that the active participants are no longer just Arabs and Israelis? Should we retire that term for good now that the conflict has widened, drawing in the United States and Iran – and potentially Turkey and others in the coming years?
How it all began
The Arab-Israeli conflict began after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1922. In what is now Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories, but was then the Palestine mandate under British rule, sporadic disputes over land ownership led to violence between the Jewish and Palestinian Arab communities.
When Israel declared independence in 1948, the conflict expanded into an interstate war between Israel and several Arab countries – Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria. Hence it was named the Arab-Israeli War by the media and political leaders at the time.
This name continued to be accurate for several decades as the conflict remained geopolitically and geographically confined to the Arab countries and Israel.
